{"id":1740,"date":"2025-11-02T10:20:39","date_gmt":"2025-11-02T08:20:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.habricha.org.il\/?page_id=1740"},"modified":"2025-11-03T10:28:57","modified_gmt":"2025-11-03T08:28:57","slug":"%d7%91%d7%99%d7%91%d7%9c%d7%99%d7%95-test-%d7%92%d7%a8%d7%a4%d7%99%d7%94","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.habricha.org.il\/?page_id=1740","title":{"rendered":"\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1740\" class=\"elementor elementor-1740\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5c5db9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5c5db9b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-879e507\" data-id=\"879e507\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f5624f elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"9f5624f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t    <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1rCrJRGFSxRFhz_NdYAq2Qw0aGP4MvzRuVBLLtjrNhgk\/export?format=pdf\" download>\n  Download PDF\n<\/a>\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/e\/2PACX-1vT2mhY-Ze6qdjqUO_G5GEzdI2BLINSFpTkE1ELeWt7-_gcoI1jZZ98lw7kXaF_7dHYc5-AYcxLuZuCd\/pub?embedded=true\"\nstyle=\"width:100%; height:1200vh; border:none;\" \n  loading=\"lazy\">\n\n\n<\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-450081a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"450081a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8103206\" data-id=\"8103206\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3adab5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3adab5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-23b45c2\" data-id=\"23b45c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e57e7bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e57e7bc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c99a3a1\" data-id=\"c99a3a1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-502da5d\" data-id=\"502da5d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2573a1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2573a1f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-59c5fbe\" data-id=\"59c5fbe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d851a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d851a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea: \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05e4\u05dc\u05d5\u05e8\u05e1\u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4, \u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u2013 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd , \u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6 \u05d6\u05dc\u05de\u05df \u05d0\u05e8\u05df , \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd, 2020.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e7\u05d9, \u05d0\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d9\u05db\u05dd \u2013 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d2'\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05e8\u05e5, \u05de\u05e4\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3, \u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8, \u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d1 \u05d1\u05df \u05e9\u05de\u05df, 2010.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd: \u05d2\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u2022 \u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e6\u05e8 \u2022 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e1\u05dc\u05d0\u05d9 &#8211; \u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d4, 2021<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05d3\u05e4\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e8\u05e4\u05de\u05df, \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1' \u05de\u05d0\u05d9\u05d8\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 1948-1945 :\u05d4\u05e2\u05e4\u05dc\u05d4, \u05d3\u05d9\u05e4\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd, \u05e0\u05d3\u05e4\u05e1 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc, \u05ea\u05e9\u05f4\u05e3 \u2014 2020<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05d1\u05df \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05df, \u05d3\u05d5\u05d3. \u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d4\u05e8\u05d9\u05d2\u05d4: \u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05df \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4, \u05d1\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d2\u05e8\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4, \u05d6\u05d9\u05db\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05df \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05d6\u05d1\u05d5\u05df \u05e1\u05e4\u05d8\u05de\u05d1\u05e8 1944 &#8211; \u05d0\u05d5\u05e7\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8 1946 , \u05db\u05e8\u05da \u05d1', \u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4 \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d2. \u05e9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8: \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05df \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05dc\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc \u05d5\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d1\u05df \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05e0\u05d2\u05d1, \u05ea\u05e9\u05e2&quot;\u05d4, 2014<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d8, \u05e8\u05d1\u05e7\u05d4. &quot;\u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05ea\u05e0\u05d2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea: \u05de\u05d0\u05d1\u05e7\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea&quot;. \u05d3\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 2017<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05e8, \u05de\u05e8\u05d3\u05db\u05d9. \u05d6\u05d9\u05db\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05d7\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e8\u05d2\u05df \u05d1\u05dc\u05d6\u05df, \u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea \u05e9\u05e2\u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05e0\u05d3\u05dc\u05d4 20.7.2020<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05dd, \u05de\u05d0\u05e9\u05d4. &quot;\u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d4\u05d5\u05dd&quot;. \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05da \u05d0\u05e1\u05e3 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d0\u05e1\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e4\u05e8\u05d1\u05e9\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05df, \u05de\u05e2\u05e4\u05e8 \u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9, \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd: \u05d4\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6 \u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4, 2014<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05e5, \u05e0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1\u05e8\u05d8 (\u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e5 \u05e0\u05d0\u05e8\u05d1\u05e2\u05e8\u05d8). &quot;\u05d9\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9\u05e2 \u05d8\u05e2\u05d0\u05d8\u05e2\u05e8 \u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05d3\u05d0\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d0\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4&quot;. \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d9\u05d3 \u05d5\u05e9\u05dd. \u05e0\u05d3\u05dc\u05d4 23.7.2018<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea, \u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4. \u05e7\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7 \u05d4\u05e2\u05e9\u05df: \u05de\u05e4\u05d2\u05e9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4. . \u05ea\u05dc \u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1: \u05e2\u05dd \u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3, 2011<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05df, \u05e2\u05d3\u05d4. \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e8\u05e2\u05d9: \u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e0\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 1945, .2010\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d5\u05e9\u05dd.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05dc\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5, \u05d9\u05e2\u05e7\u05d1 \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8, \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d7\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9, 1945-1955, \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4 \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05e7\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4&quot;\u05d1, \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd : \u05db\u05e8\u05de\u05dc; \u05ea\u05e9\u05e2&quot;\u05d8 2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05dc\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05df : \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd 1950-1944<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9 \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8; \u05d2\u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05e9\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05d3\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9, \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da; \u05d9\u05d3 \u05d5\u05e9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df-\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4, \u05d2\u05d5\u05e3 \u05de\u05e0\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7; \u05d9\u05d3 \u05d9\u05e2\u05e8\u05d9 (\u05d2\u05d1\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4) \u05d2\u05d5\u05e3 \u05de\u05e0\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd : \u05d9\u05d3 \u05d5\u05e9\u05dd \u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d6\u05d9\u05db\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 &#8211; \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df-\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4; \u05ea\u05e9\u05e2&quot;\u05d7 2017<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u05d1\u05e0\u05ea\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9 &quot;\u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4&quot; : \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05d0\u05dc \u05d0\u05e8\u05e5 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea 1948-1945<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05d5\u05d9\u05e1, \u05d7\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da; \u05d4\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05d2, \u05d9\u05e6\u05d7\u05e7, 1960- \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d4; \u05dc\u05d5\u05d9\u05df, \u05de\u05d0\u05d9\u05e8, 1905-1981, \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05d1\u05d5\u05d0; \u05dc\u05db\u05d9\u05e9, \u05e0\u05d0\u05d5\u05d4, \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da; \u05e0\u05d4\u05e8\u05d9, \u05de\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da; \u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9\u05ea '\u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4' \u05d2\u05d5\u05e3 \u05de\u05e0\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05e8\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05df : \u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4; \u05ea\u05e9\u05e4&quot;\u05d0 2021<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&quot;\u05d9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05e9\u05d9 \u05de\u05dc\u05d0\u05db\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd&quot; : \u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9&quot;\u05dd, \u05d4'\u05d7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4' \u05d5\u05d4'\u05d2\u05d3\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd' &#8211; \u05d4\u05d4\u05e2\u05e4\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05d6\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05d6\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9\u05ea : \u05dc\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df, \u05d7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1, \u05e9\u05d9 \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8, \u05d7\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4 : \u05d3\u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05e4\u05ea; \u05ea\u05e9\u05e2&quot;\u05d4 2015<\/span><\/p><p><b>\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05d6\u05d9\u05db\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05e6\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 : \u05e1\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05df (\u05d1\u05d1\u05e7\u05d4) \u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05df \u05db\u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc \u05d0\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4' (1948-1945)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05df, \u05de\u05e8\u05d1; Lavi Bekin, Merav; \u05d1\u05e8\u05d6\u05dc, \u05e0\u05e2\u05d9\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05e0\u05d7\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d9\u05d6\u05d4; \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd &#8211; \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05da, \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3 \u05de\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7 \u05ea\u05d5\u05d0\u05e8, \u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea-\u05d8\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05df : \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05da, \u05d4\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05ea\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05dd M.Ed, \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e8\u05d1 \u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea; 2013<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05e9\u05dc\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d7\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1, 1948-1945, \u05e7\u05d3\u05e8, \u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0, 1947- \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8; Kaddar, Giora, 1947- author; \u05db\u05d4\u05df-\u05d4\u05d8\u05d1, \u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9 \u05de\u05e0\u05d7\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d9\u05d6\u05d4; \u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d1\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05df \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3 \u05de\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7 \u05ea\u05d5\u05d0\u05e8, \u05e8\u05de\u05ea \u05d2\u05df : \u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d1\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05df; \u05ea\u05e9\u05e2&quot;\u05d6 2017<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8: \u05e1\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 : \u05e1\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e6\u05d1\u05d9 \u05de\u05dc \u05db\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05de\u05d9 \u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05e2\u05e8 \u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3, \u05de\u05dc, \u05e6\u05d1\u05d9, 1935- \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8; \u05e4\u05d8\u05dc-\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05dc, \u05d9\u05e2\u05dc, 1968- \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da,] \u05e8\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea : \u05e6\u05d1\u05d9 \u05de\u05dc; \u05ea\u05e9\u05e2&quot;\u05d3 2014<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4, \u05d0\u05d3\u05dc\u05de\u05df, \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9, \u05ea\u05dc-\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 : \u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05df; 2011<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u05d4\u05d4\u05e2\u05e4\u05dc\u05d4 \u05de\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05d0\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 : \u05d0\u05d5\u05d2\u05d5\u05e1\u05d8 1946 &#8211; \u05de\u05d0\u05d9 1948, \u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05df-\u05d1\u05e8-\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9, \u05d3\u05e0\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc, \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8; \u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05df, , \u05d2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc \u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05df \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8, \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc: \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd; \u05d4'\u05ea\u05e9\u05e2&quot;\u05d8 2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Bibliography &#8211; English<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eisikowitz, Michal. &quot;The Brides of Bergen-Belsen.&quot; Mishpacha Magazine (21.7.2010). Accessed July 2018. http:\/\/www.aish.com\/ho\/p\/100468809.html<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grossmann, Atina. We Are Here: New Approaches to Jewish Displaced Persons in Postwar Germany, edited by Avinoam J. Patt &amp; Michael Berkowitz, 14 \u2013 30. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2014.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Bibliography about the Bricha from Poland and related materials (Shmuel Tal)<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 Semczyszyn, Magdalena. \u201cNielegalna emigracja \u017byd\u00f3w z Polski 1944\u20131947 \u2013 kontekst mi\u0119dzynarodowy.\u201d Dzieje Najnowsze 50(1), 2018: 95\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12775\/DN.2018.1.05.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/apcz.umk.pl\/DN\/article\/view\/DN.2018.1.05?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">apcz.umk.pl<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 Semczyszyn, Magdalena. \u201cViolence as the Cause of Jewish Flight from Poland, 1945\u20131946.\u201d Sprawy Narodowo\u015bciowe. Seria nowa 54, 2022: Article 2812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11649\/sn.2812.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ispan.edu.pl\/index.php\/sn\/en\/article\/download\/sn.2812\/7889\/19736\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">journals.ispan.edu.pl<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 Semczyszyn, Magdalena. \u201cBrichah in Poland (1944\u20131948): the state of the field and new findings.\u201d East European Jewish Affairs, published online 14 April 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13501674.2025.2492068.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/128798455\/Brichah_in_Poland_1944_1948_the_state_of_the_field_and_new_findings\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">academia.edu<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 Kijek, Kamil. \u201cJewish \u2018Shtadlan\u2019 in Communist Poland? A Microstudy of the Historical Continuation and Paradoxes of Jewish Communal Subjectivity.\u201d S:I.M.O.N. \u2013 Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation 10(3), 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23777\/sn.0323.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/simon.vwi.ac.at\/index.php\/simon\/article\/download\/254\/ART_Kijek01.pdf\/2128\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">simon.vwi.ac.at<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 Stola, Dariusz. \u201cJewish Emigration from Communist Poland: The Decline of Polish Jewry in the Aftermath of the Holocaust.\u201d East European Jewish Affairs 47(2\u20133), 2017: 169\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13501674.2017.1398446.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;Walig\u00f3rska, Magdalena. \u201cHolocaust Survivors Returning to Their Hometowns in the 1944-1948 Period: Strategies of Survival, Emigration and Community Reconstruction.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Musings: Sydney Jewish Museum Journal<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2022): pages unclear. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/xxxxx (PDF version available)<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sydneyjewishmuseum.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Nash_RETURN-TO-POLAND.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sydneyjewishmuseum.com.au<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;W\u00f6rn, Achim \u2014 \u201cJews in Szczecin, 1945\u201350: At the Crossroad between Emigration and Assimilation.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">REGION: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 6(1) (2017): 55\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/reg.2017.0003.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26377361?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JSTOR<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013Kijek, Kamil \u2014 \u201cOnly Ashes? Jewish Visitors to the New Poland in 1946 and the Future of Polish Jewry.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Modern European History<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 20(1) (2022): 111\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/16118944211072649.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/72348760\/Only_Ashes_Jewish_Visitors_to_the_New_Poland_in_1946_and_the_Future_of_Polish_Jewry?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Academia<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013Person, Katarzyna \u2014 \u201cA Link to the Past? Poland and its Memory in the Lives of Holocaust Survivors in DP Camps in the American Zone of Occupied Germany.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S:I.M.O.N. \u2013 Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 8(1) (2021): 52\u201367. https:\/\/simon.vwi.ac.at\/index.php\/simon\/article\/view\/195.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/simon.vwi.ac.at\/index.php\/simon\/article\/view\/195\/128?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">simon.vwi.ac.at<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013Kichelewski, Audrey \u2014 \u201c\u00ab S\u2019enfuir et secourir \u00bb, 1944\u20131948. Brichah et l\u2019\u00e9migration des Juifs de Pologne.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bulletin de l\u2019Institut Pierre Renouvin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 38(2) (2013): 49\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/bipr.038.0049.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/276409126_S%27enfuir_et_secourir_1944-1948?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ResearchGate+1<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0436\u0438\u043d, \u042d\u0432\u0430 (Ewa W\u0119grzyn) \u2014 \u201c\u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0442\u044c? \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b: \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0421\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440: \u0415\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2020): 151\u2013176.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sefercenter.org\/rus\/publications\/sefer-journal-2020_fin-151-176.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/sefercenter.org\/rus\/publications\/sefer-journal-2020_fin-151-176.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sefercenter.org\/rus\/publications\/sefer-journal-2020_fin-151-176.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sefercenter.org<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013Teitelbaum, Vanesa \u2014 \u201cRefugiados jud\u00edos polacos: huida y rescate a trav\u00e9s de Jap\u00f3n, 1940\u20131941.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Historia y Guerra<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Universidad de Buenos Aires) 1(1) (2024): 137\u2013154.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/revistascientificas.filo.uba.ar\/index.php\/historiayguerra\/article\/view\/14061?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/revistascientificas.filo.uba.ar\/index.php\/historiayguerra\/article\/view\/14061<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.ar\/scielo.php?pid=S2796-86502024000100137&amp;script=sci_abstract&amp;tlng=es&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">scielo.org.ar+1<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><b>\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05d0\u05dc \u05d8\u05dc, <\/b><b>\u05d1\u05d9\u05df &quot;\u05d0\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd&quot; \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4: \u05d5\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9\u05ea &quot;\u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4&quot; (1971)<\/b><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/120486773\/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94_1971_\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/120486773\/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94_1971_<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 <\/span><b>Visual History Archive<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">includes 55,000 Holocaust survivors\u2019 testimonies, documenting not only their wartime experiences but also their post-war lives between 1945 and 1948<\/span><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/vha.usc.edu\/home\/israel\"><b>https:\/\/vha.usc.edu\/home\/israel<\/b><\/a><\/p><p><b>\u00a0Statelessness Questions in East Central Europe.\u201d <\/b><b><i>S:I.M.O.N. \u2013 Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation<\/i><\/b><b> 5(2) (2018): 4\u201325. doi:10.23777\/SN0218\/ART_SCRA01.<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/simon-previous-issues.vwi.ac.at\/images\/Documents\/Articles\/2018-2\/2018-2_ART_Cramsey\/ART_Cramsey01.pdf\"> <b>S.I.M.O.N.<\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>Levine, Zachary Paul. \u201cConcealed in the Open: Recipients of International Clandestine Jewish Aid in Early 1950s Hungary.\u201d <\/b><b><i>AHEA: E-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association<\/i><\/b><b> 5 (2012).<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/ahea.pitt.edu\/ojs\/ahea\/article\/view\/67\/57?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <b>https:\/\/ahea.pitt.edu\/ojs\/ahea\/article\/view\/67\/57<\/b><\/a><b>.<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/ahea.pitt.edu\/ojs\/ahea\/article\/view\/67\/57\"> <b>AHEA<\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>L\u00e1n\u00ed\u010dek, Jan. \u201cThe Postwar Czech-Jewish Leadership and the Issue of Jewish Emigration from Czechoslovakia (1945\u20131950).\u201d <\/b><b><i>Yad Vashem Studies<\/i><\/b><b> 38(2) (2010).<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?hl=en&amp;user=IOYb0qcAAAAJ&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <b>\u05d2\u05d5\u05d2\u05dc Scholar+1<\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>Oltean, Anca. \u201cThe Alya from Romania.\u201d <\/b><b><i>Annals of the University of Oradea \u2013 International Relations and European Studies<\/i><\/b><b> 4 (2012). https:\/\/www.ssoar.info\/ssoar\/handle\/document\/60492.<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ssoar.info\/ssoar\/bitstream\/handle\/document\/60492\/ssoar-annoradea-2012-4-oltean-The_alya_from_Romania.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <b>SSOAR<\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>Mateoc, Raluca. \u201cThe Aliyah of 1949: Unpublished Migration Requests of the Romanian Jews.\u201d <\/b><b><i>Martor: The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review<\/i><\/b><b> 24 (2019): 137\u2013154.<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/martor.muzeultaranuluiroman.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/martor24_08_Raluca-Mateoc.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <b>Martor Journal<\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>Taterov\u00e1, Eva. \u201cCzechoslovak Support for the Founding of Israel in the Late 1940s: the Myth of Everlasting Friendship?\u201d <\/b><b><i>Czech Journal of International Relations<\/i><\/b><b> 60(2) (2025). doi:10.32422\/cjir.1888.<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/cjir.iir.cz\/index.php\/cjir\/article\/download\/1888\/1653\/7537?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <b>Czech Journal of International Relations<\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>Stark, Tam\u00e1s. \u201cThe Migration of Holocaust Survivors from Hungary and Romania, 1945\u20131948.\u201d (conference paper\/article, Yad Vashem, 2001).<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/wwv.yadvashem.org\/download\/education\/conf\/Stark.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <b>\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d5\u05e9\u05dd<\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>Levine, Zachary Paul. \u201cRecipients of International Clandestine Jewish Aid in Early Communist Hungary.\u201d (contextual article touching Bricha routes), <\/b><b><i>AHEA<\/i><\/b><b> 5 (2012).<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/ahea.pitt.edu\/ojs\/ahea\/article\/view\/67\/57?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"> <b>https:\/\/ahea.pitt.edu\/ojs\/ahea\/article\/view\/67\/57<\/b><\/a><b>.<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/ahea.pitt.edu\/ojs\/ahea\/article\/view\/67\/57\"> <b>AHEA<\/b><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mankowitz, Zeev W. <\/b><b><i>Life between Memory and Hope: The Survivors of the Holocaust in Occupied Germany<\/i><\/b><b>. Cambridge University Press, 2002.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Grossmann, Atina. <\/b><b><i>Jews, Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied Germany<\/i><\/b><b>. Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ofer, Dalia, and Lenore J. Weitzman (eds.). <\/b><b><i>Women in the Holocaust and Its Aftermath<\/i><\/b><b>. Wayne State University Press, 2021.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Michman, Dan (ed.). <\/b><b><i>The Holocaust and Its Contexts: Belgium, Czechoslovakia and the Netherlands<\/i><\/b><b>. Yad Vashem Publications, 2019.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Erlichman, Gideon. <\/b><b><i>Ha-Bericha: After Liberation<\/i><\/b><b>. (\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea). \u05d9\u05d3 \u05d5\u05e9\u05dd, 2013.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>\u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4<\/b><\/h3><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>L\u00e1n\u00ed\u010dek, Jan. <\/b><b><i>Czechs, the Jews and the Creation of Israel, 1918\u20131948<\/i><\/b><b>. Routledge, 2013.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kov\u00e1cs, M\u00e1ria M. \u201cThe Politics of Repatriation in Hungary after World War II.\u201d <\/b><b><i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies<\/i><\/b><b> 24:3 (2010): 417\u2013446.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stark, Tam\u00e1s. <\/b><b><i>Magyar zsid\u00f3k a Holocaust ut\u00e1n, 1945\u20131950<\/i><\/b><b> [Hungarian Jews after the Holocaust]. Budapest: MTA, 2009.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Horv\u00e1th, Rita. \u201cJewish Return and Restoration of Property in Postwar Hungary.\u201d <\/b><b><i>East European Jewish Affairs<\/i><\/b><b> 44:2\u20133 (2014): 227\u2013242.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>\u05e6\u2019\u05db\u05d5\u05e1\u05dc\u05d5\u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05d4<\/b><\/h3><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>L\u00e1n\u00ed\u010dek, Jan. \u201cCzechoslovakia, the Jews and Palestine, 1945\u20131948.\u201d <\/b><b><i>Jewish History<\/i><\/b><b> 28:2 (2014): 115\u2013135.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Frankl, Michal. <\/b><b><i>Pragmatizmus a nacionalismus: \u017did\u00e9 v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, 1918\u20131938<\/i><\/b><b> (\u05de\u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 2000; \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea).<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>L\u00e1n\u00ed\u010dek, Jan, and James Jordan (eds.). <\/b><b><i>Australia and the Postwar Jewish World<\/i><\/b><b>. Bloomsbury, 2021. (\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e1\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05de\u05e6\u2019\u05db\u05d5\u05e1\u05dc\u05d5\u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05d4).<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4<\/b><\/h3><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Oltean, Anca. <\/b><b><i>The Holocaust in Northern Transylvania<\/i><\/b><b>. Oradea University Press, 2016. (\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05f4\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4\u05f4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d4).<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mateoc, Raluca. \u201cThe Aliyah of 1949: Migration Requests of Romanian Jews.\u201d <\/b><b><i>Martor<\/i><\/b><b> 24 (2019): 137\u2013154.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Varga, Andrea. \u201cJewish Displaced Persons in Romania after the Holocaust.\u201d <\/b><b><i>Holocaust Studies<\/i><\/b><b> 21:1\u20132 (2015): 117\u2013140.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea<\/b><\/h3><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Feferman, Kiril. <\/b><b><i>The Holocaust in the Crimea and the North Caucasus<\/i><\/b><b>. Yad Vashem, 2016. (\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9 \u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9 \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d4).<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gitelman, Zvi (ed.). <\/b><b><i>History of the Jews in the Soviet Union<\/i><\/b><b>. Routledge reissue ed. 2004 (\u05de\u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05e4\u05f4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4).<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ettinger, Shmuel. \u201cJewish Refugees in the USSR during and after WWII.\u201d \u05d1: <\/b><b><i>Jews in Eastern Europe<\/i><\/b><b>, \u05de\u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 2000.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Shternshis, Anna. <\/b><b><i>Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923\u20131939<\/i><\/b><b>. Indiana University Press, 2006. (\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e2\u05e7\u05d9\u05e3 \u2014 \u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d7\u05d6\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d4).<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>\u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05d5\u05e1\u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4<\/b><\/h3><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cohen, Philip J. <\/b><b><i>Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History.<\/i><\/b><b> Texas A&amp;M reissue ed., 2002 (\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05e4\u05e8\u05e7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4 \u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05d5\u05e1\u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4).<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Koljanin, Milan. <\/b><b><i>Jews in Belgrade 1521\u20131942<\/i><\/b><b>. Belgrade, 2006; \u05de\u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05d3\u05db\u05d5\u05df 2016 (\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d7\u05d6\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d4).<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kisi\u0107-Koljanin, Gordana. \u201cThe Return and Emigration of Yugoslav Jews after 1945.\u201d <\/b><b><i>Balcanica<\/i><\/b><b> 42 (2011): 309\u2013326.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>\u05d1\u05dc\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05e1 \/ \u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d0 \/ \u05d0\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 (\u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05dc \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4\u05f4\u05de)<\/b><\/h3><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Abramson, Henry (ed.). <\/b><b><i>Jews in the East European Borderlands<\/i><\/b><b>. Academic Studies Press, 2012.<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dekel-Chen, E. (ed.). <\/b><b><i>Anti-Jewish Violence: Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History<\/i><\/b><b>. Indiana University Press, 2010 (\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05ea\u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05ea \u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4).<\/b><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>\ud83d\udd35 \u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u2013 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4<\/b><\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael Brenner, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the Holocaust: Rebuilding Jewish Lives in Postwar Europe<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Princeton University Press, 2022.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Engel, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Postwar Jewish Discourse in Poland and Europe<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Indiana University Press, 2014.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dan Stone, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Liberation of the Camps: The End of the Holocaust and Its Aftermath<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Yale University Press, 2015.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atina Grossmann, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jews, Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied Germany<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tony Judt, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Penguin, 2005. (\u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd)<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zeev W. Mankowitz, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Life between Memory and Hope: Survivors in Occupied Germany<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Cambridge University Press, 2002.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avinoam Patt &amp; Michael Berkowitz (eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We Are Here: New Approaches to Jewish Displaced Persons in Postwar Germany<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Wayne State University Press, 2010.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Cesarani &amp; Eric J. Sundquist (eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the Holocaust: Challenging the Myth of Silence<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Routledge, 2012.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>\ud83c\uddf7\ud83c\uddf4 \u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4<\/b><\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radu Ioanid, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ransom of the Jews: The Story of the Extraordinary Secret Bargain between Romania and Israel<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2005.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stefan Cristian Ionescu, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jewish Resistance to Romanianization, 1940\u20131944<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. (\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d4)<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Varga, Andrea. \u201cJewish Displaced Persons in Romania after the Holocaust.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Holocaust Studies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 21:1\u20132 (2015): 117\u2013140.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>\ud83c\udded\ud83c\uddfa \u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4<\/b><\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yehuda Don &amp; Victor Karady (eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Social and Economic History of Central<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> WWII.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Holocaust and Genocide Studies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 24:3 (2010): 417\u2013446.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P\u00e9ter Szab\u00f3, \u201cJewish Reconstruction and Emigration in Communist Hungary.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">East European Jewish Affairs<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 45:1 (2015): 54\u201372.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddff \u05e6\u2019\u05db\u05d5\u05e1\u05dc\u05d5\u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05d4<\/b><\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jan L\u00e1n\u00ed\u010dek, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Czechs, the Jews and the Creation of Israel, 1918\u20131948<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Routledge, 2013.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u00e1n\u00ed\u010dek, Jan. \u201cPostwar Czech-Jewish Leadership and Emigration.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yad Vashem Studies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 38:2 (2010).<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kate\u0159ina \u010capkov\u00e1 &amp; Michal Frankl, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unsichere Zuflucht: Migration und Nationalit\u00e4tspolitik in Ostmitteleuropa 1918\u20131939<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 1945\u201348 \u05d1\u05e9\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e7\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 2000).<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>\ud83c\uddf1\ud83c\uddf9 \ud83c\uddf1\ud83c\uddfb \ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddfe \ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\udde6 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d6\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9 \/ \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4\u05f4\u05de<\/b><\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kiril Feferman, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Holocaust in the Crimea and North Caucasus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Yad Vashem, 2016.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Shneer, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through Soviet Jewish Eyes<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Rutgers University Press, 2011.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gitelman, Zvi (ed.). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Indiana University Press, updated ed. 2001.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>\ud83c\uddfe\ud83c\uddfa \u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05d5\u05e1\u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4<\/b><\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kisi\u0107-Koljanin, Gordana. \u201cThe Return and Emigration of Yugoslav Jews after 1945.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balcanica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 42 (2011): 309\u2013326.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Koljanin, Milan, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jevreji u Beogradu 1521-1942<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Belgrade, updated editions 2006-2016.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>\ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf9 \u05d0\u05d9\u05d8\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 \u2013 \u05de\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d3\u05e4\u05f4\u05d9\u05dd, \u05e0\u05ea\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4<\/b><\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chiara Bonfiglioli &amp; Guri Schwarz (eds.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the War: War, Peace, and Social Change in Italy, 1943-1948<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Palgrave, 2022.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tessa Hofmann (ed.), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italy and the Holocaust<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Wallstein, 2021.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arad, Yitzhak. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Partisans: Jewish Resistance Fighters in Lithuania, Belarus, and Eastern Europe 1941-1944<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Yad Vashem, updated edition 2017 (\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05de\u05e1\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4).<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>\ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf7 \u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea<\/b><\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maud Mandel, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Aftermath of Genocide: Armenians and Jews in Twentieth-Century France<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Duke University Press, 2003.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J.-F. Fayet, \u201cJewish Refugees and Reconstruction in France.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Revue d\u2019Histoire de la Shoah<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd 2010\u20132020).<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>\ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d8\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4 \/ \u05de\u05e7\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc \u05dc\u05e4\u05dc\u05e1\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4<\/b><\/h2><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(\u05dc\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd\/\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4)<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tony Kushner, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Holocaust Survivors in Britain<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Vallentine Mitchell, 2004.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>\ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf1 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e8\u05e5-\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9 (\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d0\u05d9\/\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8)<\/b><\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patt, Avinoam. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finding Home and Homeland: Jewish Youth and Zionism in the Aftermath of the Holocaust<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Wayne State University Press, 2009.<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shapira, Anita. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Israel: A History<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Brandeis University Press, 2012 (\u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d3\u05e4\u05f4\u05d9\u05dd).<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gelber, Yoav. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Palestine 1948<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Sussex Academic Press, 2006 (\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2 \u05d5\u05e4\u05e8\u05e7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e0\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4).<\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Download PDF \u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea: \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4 \u05e4\u05dc\u05d5\u05e8\u05e1\u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4, \u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u2013 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd , \u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6 \u05d6\u05dc\u05de\u05df \u05d0\u05e8\u05df , \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd, 2020. \u00a0\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e7\u05d9, \u05d0\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d9\u05db\u05dd \u2013 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d2'\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05e8\u05e5, \u05de\u05e4\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3, \u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8, \u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d1 \u05d1\u05df \u05e9\u05de\u05df, 2010. \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd: \u05d2\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u2022 \u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e6\u05e8 \u2022 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e1\u05dc\u05d0\u05d9 &#8211; \u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05d3<a class=\"excerpt-read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.habricha.org.il\/?page_id=1740\" title=\"Read\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4\">&#8230; Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1740","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4 - \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.habricha.org.il\/?page_id=1740\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"he_IL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4 - \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Download PDF \u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea: \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4 \u05e4\u05dc\u05d5\u05e8\u05e1\u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4, \u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u2013 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd , \u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6 \u05d6\u05dc\u05de\u05df \u05d0\u05e8\u05df , \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd, 2020. \u00a0\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e7\u05d9, \u05d0\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d9\u05db\u05dd \u2013 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d2&#039;\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05e8\u05e5, \u05de\u05e4\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3, \u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8, \u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d1 \u05d1\u05df \u05e9\u05de\u05df, 2010. \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd: \u05d2\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u2022 \u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e6\u05e8 \u2022 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e1\u05dc\u05d0\u05d9 &#8211; \u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05d3... 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